1.10 Volcanism

Case Study 1: Volcanicity – Iceland and Indonesia

Models/Theories/Laws:

• Hotspot Volcanism – Mantle plume activity.
• Subduction Zone Volcanism – Magma generation at convergent boundaries.
• Seismic Swarm and Eruption Cycles – Predicting volcanic activity.

Recent Data:

• Iceland: Fagradalsfjall eruption (2023) linked to hotspot activity.
• Indonesia: Mount Merapi eruption (2024) triggered by subduction-driven magma ascent.
• GNSS and InSAR Mapping: Surface deformation observed pre-eruption.

Spatial Variation:

• Iceland: Volcanic activity concentrated along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
• Indonesia: Subduction-driven volcanism along the Sunda Arc.

Temporal Variation:

• Iceland: Hotspot-driven eruptions occur cyclically (~every few years).
• Indonesia: Subduction-driven eruptions linked to seismic activity.

Source:

• NOAA Volcanic Activity Reports (2024)

Insight:

Iceland’s hotspot volcanism and Indonesia’s subduction-driven eruptions validate modern volcanic models, with real-time seismic monitoring aiding predictions.