5. (c) Examine the transitional role of technology on Indian agriculture sector. (PYQ/2024)

Answer:

Introduction

Indian agriculture—traditionally labor‐intensive and reliant on conventional methods—is undergoing a profound transformation through the adoption of modern technology. With innovations spanning precision farming, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and drones, technology has played a transitional role in increasing agricultural productivity, reducing input wastage, and enhancing decision‐making. This transformation not only boosts crop yields but also enhances rural income and sustainability. In the following sections, we explore this transformation through various models, theories, laws, and perspectives.

Models

Agricultural Productivity Models

• Economic Production Functions: Models such as the Cobb-Douglas production function have been adapted to assess agricultural output by incorporating technological change as a key factor. These models demonstrate that for a given amount of land, water, and labor, better technology increases overall productivity.
• Key Point: Technology acts as a multiplier of traditional inputs. Source: NITI Aayog Reports; Economic Survey of India (2023).
• Diffusion Models (Everett Rogers): GIS-based spatial analysis and quantitative diffusion models track how technological innovations (e.g., smart irrigation systems) spread among farming communities.
• Key Point: Innovation diffusion accelerates improvements in yield and resource efficiency. Source: Rogers, 1962; ICT in Agriculture studies (FAO, 2022).

Theories

Key Theoretical Frameworks

• Diffusion of Innovations (Everett Rogers): Rogers’ theory explains how new agricultural technologies gain acceptance among farmers. Factors such as relative advantage, compatibility, and observability shape the rate of technology adoption.
• Key Point: Successful diffusion lowers the rate of technological lag in rural areas.
• Modernization Theory (W.W. Rostow): This theory posits that technology is a key driver for transitioning from traditional to modern agricultural practices. Increased productivity does not just raise incomes; it transforms rural lifestyles and market structures.
• Key Point: Modernization spurs overall economic development and social change.

Laws

Relevant Legal and Policy Frameworks

• Digital India Initiative: This government program promotes the use of digital technologies across sectors, including agriculture. Policies under this initiative help deliver real-time weather forecasts and market prices via apps like Kisan Suvidha.
• Key Point: Legal backing for digital platforms fosters information dissemination and farmer empowerment.
• National Agriculture Policy: With an emphasis on smart farming practices and sustainable resource management, this policy supports technological interventions that enhance agricultural production and rural welfare.
• Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.

Perspectives

Integrated Perspectives on Agricultural Technology

• Sustainable Development (Brundtland Commission): This perspective underscores that technology should enhance productivity while preserving the environment and ensuring social equity in rural areas.
• Political Economy Perspective (Immanuel Wallerstein): Focuses on how power dynamics and market structures influence technology diffusion. It highlights that while technology can empower farmers, inadequate access may exacerbate inequalities. Key Point: Balancing innovation with inclusive growth is essential.

Case Studies

Case Study 1: Precision Farming in Punjab

• Overview: In Punjab, precision agriculture technologies such as GPS-guided tractors and soil sensors have boosted yields by an estimated 20–25%.
• Data & Statistics: According to a NITI Aayog report (2023), adoption of smart irrigation and precision farming led to a 15% reduction in water usage and increased net income among farmers by approximately 30%. Source: NITI Aayog; Economic Survey of India.

Case Study 2: Digital Agriculture in Maharashtra

• Overview: Maharashtra’s adoption of the Kisan Suvidha App and e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) has improved information access and market efficiency.
• Data & Statistics: Reports indicate a 25% improvement in price realization and enhanced crop planning based on real-time data. Source: Ministry of Agriculture; Economic Survey (2022).

Conclusion

The transitional role of technology in Indian agriculture is transforming traditional practices through advanced models, theories, and supportive legal frameworks. By integrating digital innovations and precision farming with policies under Digital India and the National Agriculture Policy, the sector is witnessing enhanced productivity, efficient resource use, and improved farmer incomes. The case studies of Punjab and Maharashtra demonstrate that strategic adoption of technology not only raises output but also lays the foundation for sustainable rural development.