7. (b) The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act devolved functions, finances and functionaries for planning of rural areas in India. Discuss the major achievements with examples. 15Marks (PYQ/2024)

Answer:

Introduction

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 is a watershed in Indian democracy that empowered rural areas by providing constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). This landmark reform established a three-tier system of local government, devolved functions, finances, and administrative responsibilities, and provided for inclusive representation (with reservations for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes). Major achievements include enhanced participatory planning, improved local governance, and accelerated rural development. These changes have not only bridged the gap between the state and rural communities but also fostered sustainable development at the grassroots level.

Models

Three-Tier Panchayati Raj Model

• Description: The model established a three-tier structure of governance—Gram Panchayats (village level), Panchayat Samitis (intermediate level), and Zilla Parishads (district level). This model decentralizes planning and administration.
• Key Achievement: It ensures that rural planning is locally driven and context-specific, promoting targeted interventions based on local needs.
• Example: In states like Kerala, this model has enabled coordinated actions in sectors such as water management and rural education.
• Source: Census of India (2011); Ministry of Panchayati Raj Reports (2020).

Theories

Decentralization Theory and Local Governance

• Theorists: Scholars such as Robert Dahl and Elinor Ostrom have significantly contributed to the theoretical understanding of decentralization and local resource governance.
• Application: Their theories explain that decentralized decision-making leads to more efficient and accountable governance, as local institutions are better aware of the community’s needs.
• Key Insight: The success of PRIs in improving rural infrastructure, social services, and women empowerment is underpinned by these theories.
• Cohort Population Analysis: By examining cohorts (groups of community members over time), planners have observed improved participation in governance and development outcomes in areas with strong PRI structures.
• Source: Ostrom (1990); Dahl (1989).

Demographic Transition Theory

• Overview: This theory, advanced by Warren Thompson among others, suggests that as regions develop, they move from high fertility and mortality to lower rates.
• Cultural Impact: In rural India, transitions influenced by local governance improvements (due to effective PRI functioning) have led to better healthcare, education, and improved sex and age structures.
• Key Insight: Enhanced PRIs can accelerate the benefits of demographic transition by tailoring development initiatives that address local challenges.
• Source: Thompson, 1929; UN Population Division Reports.

Laws

Legal and Policy Frameworks

• 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992: This amendment provides constitutional recognition to PRIs, mandates a three-tier structure, reserves seats for marginalized groups, and empowers local bodies with administrative and financial autonomy.
• Finance Commission (Article 243I): Ensures the devolution of funds to Panchayats, enabling them to implement local development projects.
• Impact: These laws have facilitated rural development by ensuring transparency, accountability, and fostering community participation.
• Source: Ministry of Panchayati Raj; Government of India, Official Gazette.

Perspectives

Integrated Socio-Economic and Political Economy Perspectives

• Sustainable Development Perspective (Brundtland Commission): Argues that development must balance economic growth with environmental protection and social equity. PRIs have played a key role in integrating sustainable practices in rural planning.
• Political Economy Perspective (Immanuel Wallerstein): Examines how power dynamics and resource distribution shape local governance. According to this view, devolved governance through PRIs has reduced bureaucratic control and increased community empowerment.
• Key Insight: Inclusive governance through PRIs has led to greater accountability, better targeting of rural development funds, and enhanced women participation in local decision-making.
• Source: Wallerstein (1974); Brundtland Report (1987).

Case Studies

Case Study 1: Kerala Panchayati Raj Success

• Overview: Kerala’s vibrant PRI system is widely regarded as a model of local governance.
• Achievements:
  • Female Representation: Kerala consistently records over 50% female participation in local bodies.
  • Inclusive Planning: Local development plans have led to improved health, education, and water management.
• Data & Impact: The state’s high human development indicators and low poverty rates are partly credited to robust local governance.
• Source: Economic Survey of Kerala (2020); Census of India (2011).

Case Study 2: Maharashtra Rural Development

• Overview: Maharashtra’s implementation of the 73rd Amendment has led to significant improvements in rural infrastructure and social services.
• Achievements:
  • Financial Devolution: Enhanced budgetary allocation for grassroots projects has increased rural road connectivity and sanitation coverage by 20–25%.
  • Participatory Planning: Gram Sabhas in Maharashtra have effectively mobilized local resources for development.
• Data & Impact: Improved metrics in literacy, healthcare, and overall rural income growth are notable.
• Source: Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India; Economic Survey of Maharashtra (2021).

Conclusion

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act has been transformative in devolving power to rural areas in India. By establishing a robust three-tier Panchayati Raj model, fostering local governance through decentralized decision-making, and implementing legal frameworks that empower rural communities, the amendment has significantly enhanced rural planning and development. Case studies from Kerala and Maharashtra demonstrate improved social, economic, and governance outcomes, underscoring the lasting impact of this constitutional reform.