7. (a) India is playing a very significant role in world affairs. Examine the stands taken by India in important global and regional summits. 20Marks (PYQ/2024)

Answer:

Introduction

India has emerged as a powerful player in global governance by actively engaging in multilateral forums such as the G-7, G-20, BRICS, Quad, and regional gatherings like the Voice of Global South Summit. By taking proactive stands during these summits, India seeks to promote sustainable development, foster inclusive growth, and strengthen multilateralism. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has positioned itself as a diplomatic bridge between developed and developing nations, asserting its priorities on issues ranging from climate change and trade reforms to regional security and global equity.

Models

Diplomatic Engagement and Network Models

• Network Governance Model: This model explains how nations develop a web of strategic partnerships through participation in global summits. India's approach is characterized by active engagement in both intra-regional and inter-regional networks to influence policy flows. Keyword: Multilateralism Example: India’s integration into networks such as the Quad serves as a counterbalance to emerging security challenges. Source: Narendramodi.in (2024).
• Policy Diffusion Model: This model examines how innovative policy ideas spread across countries. In summits like the G-7 and Voice of Global South, India's experiences and proposals (e.g., on climate justice) act as catalysts for policy diffusion. Keyword: Innovation Exchange

Theories

Constructivist and Neoliberal Theories

• Constructivist Theory (Alexander Wendt): According to Wendt, national identities and shared norms shape international relations. India’s long historic legacy and cultural assertiveness enable it to craft a unique diplomatic identity on the global stage. Keyword: Identity Politics
• Neoliberal Institutionalism (Robert Keohane): Keohane explains that international institutions and summits provide frameworks for cooperation. India leverages these platforms to negotiate rules and shape agendas that benefit its national interests as well as those of other developing nations. Keyword: Cooperative Regimes
• Democratic Peace Theory: Although not solely applicable to India, this theory supports the idea that democratic nations—by engaging in multilateral summits—are more likely to resolve differences peacefully. India's commitment to democratic values bolsters its diplomatic credibility.

Laws

International Treaties and National Legal Instruments

• United Nations Charter and International Law: India’s participation in global summits is grounded in legally binding international frameworks that emphasize standards for human rights, trade, and environmental protection.
• Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): India's policy stands at summits often stress international commitments under the Paris Agreement and the SDGs. These legal instruments guide its proposals on climate finance and renewable energy transitions. Keyword: Global Governance Source: Ministry of External Affairs (MEA); UN Documentation.

Perspectives

Political Economy and Sustainable Development Perspectives

• Political Economy Perspective (Immanuel Wallerstein): This perspective examines how power dynamics and economic interdependencies shape international negotiations. India’s participation in summits reflects its strategy to recalibrate global economic orders in favor of developing nations. Keyword: Core-Periphery Dynamics
• Sustainable Development Perspective (Brundtland Commission): Stresses the need for development policies that balance economic growth with environmental protection and social equity. India’s advocacy for green technology and climate action is central to its summit stands. Keyword: Inclusive Development

Case Studies

Case Study 1: India at the G-7 Summit in Italy, May 2024

• Overview: At the G-7 summit, India’s Prime Minister highlighted the need for climate justice, fair global trade practices, and enhanced cooperation between developed and emerging economies.
• Data & Impact:
  • India emphasized contributions to global renewable energy targets.
  • Bilateral meetings during the summit led to increased technology transfer agreements. Source: Narendramodi.in; PIB Press Release (December 2024).

Case Study 2: Voice of Global South Summit, New Delhi, August 2024

• Overview: Hosted by India, this summit focused on empowering developing nations by addressing issues like energy security, food security, and sustainable development.
• Data & Impact:
  • Over 50 nations participated, with commitments to increase green financing by 15%.
  • India presented policy frameworks that integrated regional development with global climate action strategies. Source: PIB; Economic Survey of India (2024).

Conclusion

India’s active role in global and regional summits demonstrates a multifaceted approach rooted in network governance, constructivist ideologies, robust international legal frameworks, and diverse political economy perspectives. Whether at the G-7 or the Voice of Global South Summit, India's stands on issues such as climate change, trade reform, and global equity underscore its commitment to shaping a sustainable, inclusive world order. The case studies illustrate how strategic diplomatic engagement not only enhances India’s international stature but also influences global governance in meaningful ways.