Climatology – Air Masses – Weather Answer: Introduction An air mass is a large body of air with uniform temperature, humidity, and pressure characteristics, acquired from a source region. The concept was developed by Bjerknes and Solberg during the early …
Oceanography – Bottom topography of Ocean – Bottom topography of Indian Ocean Answer: Introduction The Indian Ocean, third largest among the world’s oceans, is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west, Australia to the east, and merges …
Geography Optional – Climatology – Climate Classification Answer: Introduction Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940), a German climatologist, developed the Köppen Climate Classification in 1884 (revised in 1918 and 1936), integrating empirical temperature and precipitation data with vegetation zones. It remains one of …
Geomorphology / Plate Tectonic Theory / Mountain Building Answer: Introduction Mountain building (or orogenesis) refers to the geological processes responsible for the formation of mountain ranges, typically through tectonic forces such as plate convergence, folding, faulting, and volcanism. While earlier …
Environmental Geography / Geomorphology / Regional Planning Answer: Introduction Mountain regions, though ecologically diverse and resource-rich, are inherently fragile ecosystems. Their steep slopes, thin soils, climatic variability, and biodiversity hotspots make them particularly vulnerable to ecological disturbances. Both natural processes …
Environmental Geography / Rural Development Answer: Introduction Social forestry refers to the practice of growing trees and managing forests outside conventional forest areas, primarily on community, private, or government land, to meet the needs of local communities. Initiated in India …
Oceanography – Sea level changes – Climate Change Answer: Introduction Sea level change refers to the variation in the average position of the ocean surface relative to the land. It can be eustatic, isostatic, or tectonic in origin, and is …
Climatology – Atmospheric Disturbances – Temperate cyclones Answer: Introduction Temperate cyclones, also known as mid-latitude or extratropical cyclones, are large-scale low-pressure systems that develop in the westerly wind belt between 35°–65° latitudes. A crucial concept in their formation is the …
Answer: Geomorphology – Glacial landforms Introduction Truncated spurs are steep, cliff-like edges of interlocking spurs that have been sharply cut off by the erosive action of valley glaciers. They are classic features of glacial troughs and represent significant landscape modification …
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