Case Study 1: Volcanicity – Iceland and Indonesia Models/Theories/Laws: Recent Data: Spatial Variation: Temporal Variation: Source: Insight: Iceland’s hotspot volcanism and Indonesia’s subduction-driven eruptions validate modern volcanic models, with real-time seismic monitoring aiding predictions.
Case Study 1: Recent Views on Mountain Building – Himalayas and Andes Models/Theories/Laws: Recent Data: Spatial Variation: Temporal Variation: Source: Insight: Modern mountain-building theories validate plate tectonics and geosynclinal models, with real-time uplift observed in the Himalayas and Andes.
Case Study 1: Isostatic Adjustment in Scandinavia and the Himalayas Models/Theories/Laws: Recent Data: Spatial Variation: Temporal Variation: Source: Insight: Isostasy explains post-glacial uplift in Scandinavia and erosion-driven compensation in the Himalayas, validating Airy and Pratt’s models. Case Study 2: Plate …
Case Study 1: Gondwana Breakup and the Indian Plate Drift Case Study 2: Atlantic Ocean Formation and Drift of South America and Africa
Case Study 1: Himalayan Orogeny and Tethys Geosyncline Case Study 2: Vindhyan Basin as a Type of Epicratonic Geosyncline
Case Study 1: InSight Mission & Seismic Profiling of Mars (Analogue to Earth’s Interior Studies) Case Study 2: Indian National Seismic Zone Mapping – Crustal Variation Study
Case Study 1: South Atlantic Anomaly and Magnetic Field Weakening Case Study 2: Magnetic Striping at Mid-Ocean Ridges
Case Study 1: Formation of the Himalayas Case Study 2: Deccan Traps and the Breakup of Gondwana
Case Study 1: Himalayan Uplift and Ongoing Tectonic Activity Case Study 2: Chambal Badlands – Interaction of Natural and Anthropogenic Forces
Answer: Introduction India’s urban centers have witnessed exponential growth over recent decades, leading to persistent problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and inefficient public transport. In response, the country has developed various regional rapid transit systems—including Metro Rail, Bus …