Introduction Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala’s capital, has a rich history of pioneering urban design and public transport. Once the modern capital of the princely state of Travancore, it was synonymous with progressive infrastructure—ranging from technology-driven higher education and early electrification to piped …
Introduction In the wake of hunger, ecological exploitation, and cultural alienation, a potent literary movement emerged in Odia literature. Writers began to reclaim a language deeply rooted in nature while chronicling the devastation of nature and the plight of human …
Introduction Lake Manzala, in northern Egypt, has long served as a natural buffer and biodiversity hotspot along the Mediterranean. Historically covering 1,709 km², it has shrunk due to land encroachment, aquaculture, and untreated wastewater. In 2017, dredging began to remove …
ContextIn February 2026, the RBI Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) kept the repo rate at 5.25% with a neutral stance, while slightly raising GDP growth and inflation projections for FY26. BackgroundAfter a rate‑hike cycle due to high inflation, RBI began easing …
ContextIndia and Seychelles adopted a Joint Vision SESEL for Sustainability, Economic Growth and Security through Enhanced Linkages, making Seychelles a key pillar of Vision MAHASAGAR. BackgroundVision MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) and SAGAR (Security …
ContextAn independent study by the V.V. Giri National Labour Institute (VVGNLI) on Labour Codes has been highlighted as showing broad support among workers and employers. BackgroundIndia consolidated 29 labour laws into four Labour Codes on Wages, Social Security, Industrial Relations, …
ContextCurrent debates on “democratic backsliding in India” use an Ambedkarite constitutional perspective to critique weakening of referee institutions and civil liberties. BackgroundB.R. Ambedkar emphasised constitutional morality, social democracy and annihilation of caste. A written Constitution and independent institutions were meant …
ContextOn 9 February 2026, the Prime Minister held Pariksha Pe Charcha (PPC) 2026, interacting with students from Coimbatore, Raipur, Devmogra and Guwahati on exam stress, careers and digital distractions. BackgroundPPC has become an annual national exercise where students, parents and …
ContextThe Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica, called the “Doomsday Glacier”, is central to concerns about rapid sea‑level rise. BackgroundThwaites is a marine‑terminating glacier draining an area roughly equal to Great Britain. Warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) intrudes beneath the ice …
ContextDuring his Malaysia visit (8–9 February 2026), the Prime Minister interacted with veterans of the Azad Hind Fauj (INA) and diaspora leaders, highlighting living links with India’s freedom movement. BackgroundThe INA, led by Subhas Chandra Bose, fought alongside Japan against …
UPSC CSE 2026 introduces 21 major changes from 2025: No application modifications post-submission (vs 2025’s 7-day window), URN system with live photo/triple signature, 933 vacancies (-46), +6 exam centers. Critical: Allocated IPS/Group A candidates get one-time re-attempt in CSE 2027 …
1. Role of Geography in GS Mains In GS Mains, Geography appears primarily in GS Paper 1 under “Indian and World Geography – physical, social, economic geography of the world and India”, and is tightly interlinked with environment, economy, agriculture, …
A. Foundation of Geography 1. The Earth as a Planet 2. Representation of the Earth B. Physical Geography – Earth’s Structure & Landforms 3. Earth’s Interior and Geological Structure 4. Plate Tectonics and Associated Features 5. Earthquakes and Volcanoes 6. …
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