Introduction Human-wildlife conflict represents one of the most pressing contemporary challenges to conservation, sustainable development, food security, and human well-being. Man-wildlife conflict (HWC) refers to encounters between humans and wildlife leading to negative consequences—crop raiding, livestock predation, property damage, injuries, …
Introduction Deep sea mining is the extraction of mineral deposits from the seabed at depths exceeding two hundred meters, primarily targeting polymetallic (manganese) nodules, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, and polymetallic sulphides. These potato-sized mineral-rich nodules form over millions of years through …
Introduction Denudation chronology is the temporal reconstruction of landscape evolution by studying the sequential patterns of weathering, erosion, and deposition processes that have shaped Earth’s surface over geological time. The approach reconstructs the historical development of landscapes through analysis of …
Introduction Ocean waves, ocean currents, and tides are three distinct hydrodynamic phenomena that govern water movement in the world’s oceans, yet they are fundamentally driven by different forces, operate at different scales, and have contrasting characteristics. While often confused due …
Introduction Air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and humidity characteristics acquired from source regions, while local winds are small-scale atmospheric movements driven by local pressure gradients. Their relationship illustrates how large-scale atmospheric structures interact with terrain …
Geological and Tectonic Processes Leading to Nappe Formation in Orogenic Belts Introduction Nappes are large sheet-like or lens-shaped bodies of rock that have been displaced horizontally more than 2 kilometers from their original position along low-angle thrust faults in compressional …
Solifluction: Definition, Mechanisms, and Impacts Introduction Solifluction is the slow, downslope flow of water-saturated soil and regolith in periglacial environments, driven by gravity and facilitated by freeze-thaw cycles. The term originates from Latin “solum” (soil) and “fluction” (to flow), originally …
IntroductionA Glacial Lake Outburst Flood is a sudden, catastrophic release of water from a glacial lake caused by failure of its natural dam (ice, moraine, or sediment). This phenomenon results from dam instability, triggering events, and downstream vulnerability, intensified by …
Case Study 1: Clustered Rural Settlements – Punjab, India Theories and Perspectives Applied to Rural Settlements: Models/Theories/Laws Applied: Recent Data: Spatial Variation: Temporal Variation: Source: Insight: Punjab’s clustered rural settlements validate Christaller’s Central Place Theory, emphasizing the role of accessibility …
Case Study 1: Population Aging and Economic Challenges – Japan Theories and Perspectives Applied to Population Aging: Models/Theories/Laws Applied: Recent Data: Policy Responses: Spatial Variation: Temporal Variation: Source: Insight: Japan’s demographic attributes validate Demographic Transition Model, while aging trends align …